COMPUTER MONITOR

A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry and an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors use a cathode ray tube (CRT) about as deep as the screen size.
Originally, computer monitors were used for data processing while television receivers were used for entertainment. From the 1980s onwards, computers (and their monitors) have been used for both data processing and entertainment, while televisions have implemented some computer functionality. The common aspect ratio of televisions, and then computer monitors, has also changed from 4:3 to 16:9 (and 16:10).

Technologies

Further information: Comparison of CRT, LCD, Plasma, and OLED and History of display technology

Multiple technologies have been used for computer monitors. Until the 21st century most used cathode ray tubes but they have largely been superseded by LCD monitors.

Cathode ray tube

The first computer monitors used cathode ray tubes (CRT). Until the early 1980s, they were known as video display terminals and were physically attached to the computer and keyboard. The monitors were monochrome, flickered and the image quality was poor.^{[citation needed]} In 1981, IBM introduced the Color Graphics Adapter, which could display four colors with a resolution of 320 by 200 pixels. In 1984 IBM introduced the Enhanced Graphics Adapter which was capable of producing 16 colors and had a resolution of 640 by 350.^[1]
CRT technology remained dominant in the PC monitor market into the new millennium partly because it was cheaper to produce and offered viewing angles close to 180 degrees.^[2]

Liquid crystal

Main articles: Liquid crystal display and TFT LCD

There are multiple technologies that have been used to implement liquid crystal displays (LCD). Throughout the 1990s, the primary use of LCD technology as computer monitors was in laptops where the lower power consumption, lighter weight, and smaller physical size of LCDs justified the higher price versus a CRT. Commonly, the same laptop would be offered with an assortment of display options at increasing price points: (active or passive) monochrome, passive color, or active matrix color (TFT). As volume and manufacturing capability have improved, the monochrome and passive color technologies were dropped from most product lines.
TFT-LCD is a variant of LCD which is now the dominant technology used for computer monitors.
The first standalone LCD displays appeared in the mid-1990s selling for high prices. As prices declined over a period of years they became more popular, and by 1997 were competing with CRT monitors. Among the first desktop LCD computer monitors was the Eizo L66 in the mid-1990s, the Apple Studio Display in 1998, and the Apple Cinema Display in 1999. In 2003, TFT-LCDs outsold CRTs for the first time, becoming the primary technology used for computer monitors. The main advantages of LCDs over CRT displays are that LCDs consume less power, take up much less space, and are considerably lighter. The now common active matrix TFT-LCD technology also has less flickering than CRTs, which reduces eye strain.On the other hand, CRT monitors have superior contrast, have superior response time, are able to use multiple screen resolutions natively, and there is no discernible flicker if the refresh rate is set to a sufficiently high value. LCD monitors have now very high temporal accuracy and can be used for vision research^.

Website asal data / Sumber data :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitor 
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Pengertian printer dot matrix. 

Printer Dot Matrix adalah suatu jenis printer yang resolusi cetaknya masih sangat rendah. Fungsi printer dot matrix sampai saat ini masih saja diperlukan walaupun kini telah bertebaran printer-printer canggih yang dapat mencetak fotografi level profesional.

Printer Dot-matrix ini terutama dibutuhkan oleh bidang usaha yang membutuhkan pencetakan rangkap, tidak hanya bukti transaksi, tetapi juga laporan-laporan yang harus dicetak rangkap. Dari pada mencetaknya berulang-ulang yang mengakibatkan biaya operasional printer tinggi dan waktu menjadi terbuang percuma, maka kita dapat menggunakan printer dot-matrix dengan kertas rangkap. Hemat waktu dan hemat biaya (listrik, pita, kertas, dll).

Printer jenis ini suaranya cenderung keras serta kualitas untuk mencetak gambar kurang baik karena gambar yang tercetak akan terlihat seperti titik-titik yang saling berhubungan. Selain dikenal dengan biaya operasionalnya yang murah (murahnya pita printer),  

printer dot matrix juga terkenal dengan kemudahan pemeliharaan dan perbaikan. Karena suku cadangnya melimpah dan murah, biaya pemeliharan dan perbaikan juga menjadi murah.

Sayangnya fitur utama printer dot matrix ini belum digunakan secara maksimal oleh aplikasi berbasis web. Mungkin para developer beranggapan bahwa printer dot matrix telah ketinggalan jaman dan sudah selayaknya diganti dengan teknologi printer yang terbaru (deskjet, laserjet, bubblejet, dll). Dan lagi para developer menganggap bahwa pencetakan rangkap sudah tidak efisien dan efektif lagi. Bukankah lebih baik untuk keperluan internal, kita cukup melihat di layar monitor saja? Cukuplah preview laporan. Hemat waktu dan kertas. Bahkan kini pencetakan itu pun sudah dianggap tidak relevan lagi. Istilahnya sekarang jaman paperless-office. Printer dot matrix masih banyak digunakan karena memang terkenal awet. Kelebihan lainnya, pita printer dot matrix jauh lebih murah dibandingkan dengan toner (tinta) untuk printer jenis inkjet dan laserjet.

 RAM

 

Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access device allows stored data to be accessed quickly in any random order. In contrast, other data storage media such as hard disks, CDs, DVDs and magnetic tape, as well as early primary memory types such as drum memory, read and write data only in a predetermined order, consecutively, because of mechanical design limitations. Therefore the time to access a given data location varies significantly depending on its physical location.
Today, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuits. Strictly speaking, modern types of DRAM are not random access, as data is read in bursts, although the name DRAM / RAM has stuck. However, many types of SRAM, ROM, OTP, and NOR flash are still random access even in a strict sense. RAM is often associated with volatile types of memory (such as DRAM memory modules), where its stored information is lost if the power is removed. Many other types of non-volatile memory are RAM as well, including most types of ROM and a type of flash memory called NOR-Flash. The first RAM modules to come into the market were created in 1951 and were sold until the late 1960s and early 1970s.
The three main forms of modern RAM are static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and Phase-change memory (PRAM). In SRAM, a bit of data is stored using the state of a flip-flop. This form of RAM is more expensive to produce, but is generally faster and requires less power than DRAM and, in modern computers, is often used as cache memory for the CPU. DRAM stores a bit of data using a transistor and capacitor pair, which together comprise a memory cell. The capacitor holds a high or low charge (1 or 0, respectively), and the transistor acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the chip read the capacitor's state of charge or change it. As this form of memory is less expensive to produce than static RAM, it is the predominant form of computer memory used in modern computers.
Both static and dynamic RAM are considered volatile, as their state is lost or reset when power is removed from the system. By contrast, Read-only memory (ROM) stores data by permanently enabling or disabling selected transistors, such that the memory cannot be altered. Writeable variants of ROM (such as EEPROM and flash memory) share properties of both ROM and RAM, enabling data to persist without power and to be updated without requiring special equipment. These persistent forms of semiconductor ROM include USB flash drives, memory cards for cameras and portable devices, etc. As of 2007, NAND flash has begun to replace older forms of persistent storage, such as magnetic disks and tapes, while NOR flash is being used in place of ROM in netbooks and rugged computers, since it is capable of true random access, allowing direct code execution.
ECC memory (which can be either SRAM or DRAM) includes special circuitry to detect and/or correct random faults (memory errors) in the stored data, using parity bits or error correction code.
In general, the term RAM refers solely to solid-state memory devices (either DRAM or SRAM), and more specifically the main memory in most computers. In optical storage, the term DVD-RAM is somewhat of a misnomer since, unlike CD-RW or DVD-RW it does not require to be erased before reuse. Nevertheless a DVD-RAM behaves much like a hard disc drive if somewhat slower.
One can read and over-write data in RAM. Many computer systems have a memory hierarchy consisting of CPU registers, on-die SRAM caches, external caches, DRAM, paging systems, and virtual memory or swap space on a hard drive. This entire pool of memory may be referred to as "RAM" by many developers, even though the various subsystems can have very different access times, violating the original concept behind the random access term in RAM. Even within a hierarchy level such as DRAM, the specific row, column, bank, rank, channel, or interleave organization of the components make the access time variable, although not to the extent that rotating storage media or a tape is variable. The overall goal of using a memory hierarchy is to obtain the higher possible average access performance while minimizing the total cost of the entire memory system (generally, the memory hierarchy follows the access time with the fast CPU registers at the top and the slow hard drive at the bottom).
In many modern personal computers, the RAM comes in an easily upgraded form of modules called memory modules or DRAM modules about the size of a few sticks of chewing gum. These can quickly be replaced should they become damaged or when changing needs demand more storage capacity. As suggested above, smaller amounts of RAM (mostly SRAM) are also integrated in the CPU and other ICs on the motherboard, as well as in hard-drives, CD-ROMs, and several other parts of the computer system.

Sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory
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